HIV Antibody, ELISA: negative
HIV Western Blot: negative
HIV Antigen (P-24 Antigen): negative
HIV Viral load: <50 copies/mL
. Red-top tube.
■ Used to diagnose HIV infection.
■ Viral load tests are used to inform treatment strategies and
monitor disease progression.
Showing posts with label Blood test. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Blood test. Show all posts
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Serum (HCG)
Nonpregnant state: < 0.01 IU/mL
4 weeks pregnant: 0.10–1.0 IU/mL
16 weeks pregnant: 10–50 IU/mL
. Red-top tube.
■ Hormone produced by the placenta.
■ Levels peak at about 16 weeks and then decline.
4 weeks pregnant: 0.10–1.0 IU/mL
16 weeks pregnant: 10–50 IU/mL
. Red-top tube.
■ Hormone produced by the placenta.
■ Levels peak at about 16 weeks and then decline.
Homocysteine
4–17 nmol/L
. Red-top tube
■ Elevated levels are a risk factor for coronary artery disease.
■ Increased in renal failure and secondary to some medications.
. Red-top tube
■ Elevated levels are a risk factor for coronary artery disease.
■ Increased in renal failure and secondary to some medications.
Hexosaminidase,Total, A, A and B (Hex A)
Total Hexosaminidase
Noncarrier: 589–955 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: 9.9–15.9 U/L
Heterozygote: 465–675 nmol/hr/mL: SI units: 7.8–11.3 U/L
Tay-Sachs homozygote: >1027 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: >17.2 U/L
Hexosaminidase A
Noncarrier: 456–592 nmol/hr/m; SI units: 7.2–9.9 U/L
Heterozygote: 197–323 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: 3.3–5.39 U/L
Tay-Sachs homozygote: 0 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: 0 U/L
Hexosaminidase B
Noncarrier: 12–32 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: 0.2–0.54 U/L
Heterozygote: 21–81 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: 0.35–1.35 U/L
Tay-Sachs homozygote: >305 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: >5.1 U/L
. Red-top tube
■ Hexosaminidase is an enzyme necessary for metabolism of
gangliosides. Deficiency results in accumulation of
gangliosides in the brain.
■ Used to diagnose Tay-Sachs disease, which is caused by a lack
of hexosaminidase A and results in mental retardation,
blindness, weakness, and death by age 5.
■ Sandhoff’s disease is a variant of Tay-Sachs and results from a
deficiency of both hexosaminidase A and B.
Noncarrier: 589–955 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: 9.9–15.9 U/L
Heterozygote: 465–675 nmol/hr/mL: SI units: 7.8–11.3 U/L
Tay-Sachs homozygote: >1027 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: >17.2 U/L
Hexosaminidase A
Noncarrier: 456–592 nmol/hr/m; SI units: 7.2–9.9 U/L
Heterozygote: 197–323 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: 3.3–5.39 U/L
Tay-Sachs homozygote: 0 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: 0 U/L
Hexosaminidase B
Noncarrier: 12–32 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: 0.2–0.54 U/L
Heterozygote: 21–81 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: 0.35–1.35 U/L
Tay-Sachs homozygote: >305 nmol/hr/mL; SI units: >5.1 U/L
. Red-top tube
■ Hexosaminidase is an enzyme necessary for metabolism of
gangliosides. Deficiency results in accumulation of
gangliosides in the brain.
■ Used to diagnose Tay-Sachs disease, which is caused by a lack
of hexosaminidase A and results in mental retardation,
blindness, weakness, and death by age 5.
■ Sandhoff’s disease is a variant of Tay-Sachs and results from a
deficiency of both hexosaminidase A and B.
Hepatitis Testing
Negative
. Red-top tube.
■ Screening for hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E.
■ May test for antigens, antibodies, IgG, or IgM (immunoglobins).
■ Viral hepatitis serologic testing patterns need to be interpreted
to determine if disease is active, acute, chronic, or historical (carrier state).
. Red-top tube.
■ Screening for hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E.
■ May test for antigens, antibodies, IgG, or IgM (immunoglobins).
■ Viral hepatitis serologic testing patterns need to be interpreted
to determine if disease is active, acute, chronic, or historical (carrier state).
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis (Hemoglobinopathy Profile)
Hgb A1: 95–98%
Hgb A2: 2–3%
Hgb F: 0.8–2%; Newborn: 50–80%; > 6 mo old: 1–2%
Hgb C, S, or E: 0%
. Lavender-top tube.
■ Used to screen for abnormal hemoglobins.
■ Hemoglobin A, A2 and F are normal hemoglobins. Hgb F is the
predominant fetal hemoglobin.
■ Hgb S is the predominant hemoglobin found in people with
sickle cell disease.
■ Hgb C and Hgb E produce mild hemolytic anemia and
splenomegaly. They are considered relatively benign. Hgb E is
extremely common in Southeast Asia.
Hgb A2: 2–3%
Hgb F: 0.8–2%; Newborn: 50–80%; > 6 mo old: 1–2%
Hgb C, S, or E: 0%
. Lavender-top tube.
■ Used to screen for abnormal hemoglobins.
■ Hemoglobin A, A2 and F are normal hemoglobins. Hgb F is the
predominant fetal hemoglobin.
■ Hgb S is the predominant hemoglobin found in people with
sickle cell disease.
■ Hgb C and Hgb E produce mild hemolytic anemia and
splenomegaly. They are considered relatively benign. Hgb E is
extremely common in Southeast Asia.
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Adult:
Male: 14–18 g/dL; SI units: 8.7–11.2 mmol/L.
Female: 12–16g/dL; SI units: 7.4–9.9 mmol/L.
Child: 1–14 ys: 11.3–14.4 g/dL; SI units: 113–144 mmol/L.
Critical Levels: <5 or >20 g/dL
. Lavender-top tube.
■ Hemoglobin is the main protein in erythrocytes. It carries
oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from red blood cells.
■ Increased in dehydration, COPD, high altitudes, polycythemia
vera.
■ Decreased in fluid volume excess, hematologic cancers,
hemolytic disorders, blood loss, anemia.
■ See Complete Blood Count.
Male: 14–18 g/dL; SI units: 8.7–11.2 mmol/L.
Female: 12–16g/dL; SI units: 7.4–9.9 mmol/L.
Child: 1–14 ys: 11.3–14.4 g/dL; SI units: 113–144 mmol/L.
Critical Levels: <5 or >20 g/dL
. Lavender-top tube.
■ Hemoglobin is the main protein in erythrocytes. It carries
oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from red blood cells.
■ Increased in dehydration, COPD, high altitudes, polycythemia
vera.
■ Decreased in fluid volume excess, hematologic cancers,
hemolytic disorders, blood loss, anemia.
■ See Complete Blood Count.
Hematocrit (Hct)
Adult: Male: 45–52%; SI units: 0.45–0.52. Female: 37–48%;
SI units: 0.37–0.48.
Child: 1–6 yr: 30–40%; SI units: 0.30–0.40; 6–18 yrs: 32–44%;
SI units: 0.32–0.44
Critical Levels: <15% or >60%
. Lavender-top tube.
■ Hematocrit is the percentage of whole blood that is made up
of red blood cells. It is expressed as a percentage or a decimal
fraction. (A hematocrit value of 35% means that there is 35 mL
of red blood cells in 100 mL of blood.)
■ Increased in dehydration and increased production of RBCs.
■ Decreased in anemia, when RBC production is impaired or
there is increased destruction of RBCs, in chronic disease,
blood loss, and fluid volume excess.
■ See Complete Blood Count.
SI units: 0.37–0.48.
Child: 1–6 yr: 30–40%; SI units: 0.30–0.40; 6–18 yrs: 32–44%;
SI units: 0.32–0.44
Critical Levels: <15% or >60%
. Lavender-top tube.
■ Hematocrit is the percentage of whole blood that is made up
of red blood cells. It is expressed as a percentage or a decimal
fraction. (A hematocrit value of 35% means that there is 35 mL
of red blood cells in 100 mL of blood.)
■ Increased in dehydration and increased production of RBCs.
■ Decreased in anemia, when RBC production is impaired or
there is increased destruction of RBCs, in chronic disease,
blood loss, and fluid volume excess.
■ See Complete Blood Count.
Helicobacter pylori Antibody Titers
Negative
. Red-top tube.
■ Organism associated with gastic ulcer and gastritis.
■ Also may be assessed by culture, biopsy, or breath test.
. Red-top tube.
■ Organism associated with gastic ulcer and gastritis.
■ Also may be assessed by culture, biopsy, or breath test.
Haptoglobin
Adult: 60–270 mg/dL; SI units: 0.6–2.7 g/L
Newborn: 0–10 mg/dL; SI units: 0–0.1 g/L
. Red-top tube.
■ A protein produced by the liver that binds to hemoglobin
when it is released from hemolyzed RBCs.
■ Increased in many inflammatory diseases.
■ Decreased in hemolytic conditions
(e.g., transfusion reaction, anemia), hepatic disease.
Newborn: 0–10 mg/dL; SI units: 0–0.1 g/L
. Red-top tube.
■ A protein produced by the liver that binds to hemoglobin
when it is released from hemolyzed RBCs.
■ Increased in many inflammatory diseases.
■ Decreased in hemolytic conditions
(e.g., transfusion reaction, anemia), hepatic disease.
Growth Hormone (GH, Human Growth Hormone [HGH], Somatotropin Hormone [SH]), Growth Hormone Suppression Test, and Growth Hormone Stimulation Test
Adult: Males: <5 ng/mL; SI units: <5 ng/L.
Females: <10 ng/mL; SI units: <10 ng/L
Chlidren: 0–10 ng/mL; SI units: 0–10 ng/L
Newborns: 10–40 ng/mL; SI units: 10–40 ng/L
. Red-top tube.
■ Growth hormone is produced in episodic bursts by the
pituitary gland.
■ Assessed to evaluate possible dwarfism, growth retardation,
or gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults.
Females: <10 ng/mL; SI units: <10 ng/L
Chlidren: 0–10 ng/mL; SI units: 0–10 ng/L
Newborns: 10–40 ng/mL; SI units: 10–40 ng/L
. Red-top tube.
■ Growth hormone is produced in episodic bursts by the
pituitary gland.
■ Assessed to evaluate possible dwarfism, growth retardation,
or gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults.
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (A1C, GHb, Glycohemoglobin, HBA1)
Nondiabetic: < 5%
Diabetes well controlled: 2.5–6%
Diabetes not well controlled: > 8%
. Lavender-top tube.
■ Prolonged blood glucose elevation causes a greater
percentage of RBCs to become saturated with glucose (glycohemoglobin).
■ Used for monitoring average diabetic control for preceding 3
months as blood cells typically live for 2–3 months.
Diabetes well controlled: 2.5–6%
Diabetes not well controlled: > 8%
. Lavender-top tube.
■ Prolonged blood glucose elevation causes a greater
percentage of RBCs to become saturated with glucose (glycohemoglobin).
■ Used for monitoring average diabetic control for preceding 3
months as blood cells typically live for 2–3 months.
Glucose Tolerance Test, Standard Oral
Fasting: <126 mg/dL; SI units: <7 mmol/L
2-hr: <200 mg/dL; SI units <1.1 mmol/L
. Red-top tube. Fasting sample.
■ Blood glucose levels are assessed twice. The first is a fasting
sample, the second sample is taken 2 hr after ingestion of
75 g of glucose. Samples may be assessed at other times as well.
■ Useful for screening for gestational diabetes but usually
unnecessary for diagnosing diabetes as fasting blood glucose
>126 mg/dL or a random blood glucose level >200 mg/dL is
ususally considered diagnostic.
2-hr: <200 mg/dL; SI units <1.1 mmol/L
. Red-top tube. Fasting sample.
■ Blood glucose levels are assessed twice. The first is a fasting
sample, the second sample is taken 2 hr after ingestion of
75 g of glucose. Samples may be assessed at other times as well.
■ Useful for screening for gestational diabetes but usually
unnecessary for diagnosing diabetes as fasting blood glucose
>126 mg/dL or a random blood glucose level >200 mg/dL is
ususally considered diagnostic.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) Screening Test and G-6-PD Assay Screening Test
Negative
Assay
7.0–20.5 U/g of hemoglobin; SI units: 0.45–1.29 mU/mol
(reference ranges vary with testing methodology)
. Lavender- or green-top tube.
■ G-6-PD is an enzyme found in RBCs; its function is to protect hemoglobin from oxidation.
■ People with a G-6-PD deficiency are susceptible to hemolysis
when exposed to an oxidative stressor such as systemic
infections, septicemia, metabolic acidosis, and exposure to
oxidant drugs (aspirin, sulfa drugs, antimalarials, thiazide
diuretics, quinidine, antipyretics, sulfanomides,
chloramphenical, phenacetin, probenicid, and tolbutamide).
Assay
7.0–20.5 U/g of hemoglobin; SI units: 0.45–1.29 mU/mol
(reference ranges vary with testing methodology)
. Lavender- or green-top tube.
■ G-6-PD is an enzyme found in RBCs; its function is to protect hemoglobin from oxidation.
■ People with a G-6-PD deficiency are susceptible to hemolysis
when exposed to an oxidative stressor such as systemic
infections, septicemia, metabolic acidosis, and exposure to
oxidant drugs (aspirin, sulfa drugs, antimalarials, thiazide
diuretics, quinidine, antipyretics, sulfanomides,
chloramphenical, phenacetin, probenicid, and tolbutamide).
Glucose, Fasting
Adult: 70–105 mg/dL; SI units: 3.9–5.8 mmol/L
Child <2 years old: 60–100 mg/dL
Critical Levels: <50 or >400 mg/dL
. Red-top tube. Fasting sample.
■ Assessed to diagnose or monitor Type 1 and 2 diabetes.
■ An elevated fasting blood glucose level above 126 mg/dL
on at least two occasions typically indicates diabetes.
Child <2 years old: 60–100 mg/dL
Critical Levels: <50 or >400 mg/dL
. Red-top tube. Fasting sample.
■ Assessed to diagnose or monitor Type 1 and 2 diabetes.
■ An elevated fasting blood glucose level above 126 mg/dL
on at least two occasions typically indicates diabetes.
Glucagon
Adult: 50–100 pg/mL; SI units: 50–100 ng/L
Child: 0–148 pg/mL; SI units: 0–148 ng/L
. Lavender-top tube, chilled. Fasting sample.
■ Hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans.
■ Glucagon deficiency may occur with pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis.
■ Elevated glucagon levels occur with glucogonoma
(cancer of the alpha islet cells), diabetes, acute pancreatitis,
cirrhosis, stress, renal failure, rejection of transplanted kidney.
Child: 0–148 pg/mL; SI units: 0–148 ng/L
. Lavender-top tube, chilled. Fasting sample.
■ Hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans.
■ Glucagon deficiency may occur with pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis.
■ Elevated glucagon levels occur with glucogonoma
(cancer of the alpha islet cells), diabetes, acute pancreatitis,
cirrhosis, stress, renal failure, rejection of transplanted kidney.
Gastrin
Fasting: <100 pg/mL; SI units: 47.7 pmol/L
Postprandial: 95–140 pg/mL; SI units: 45.3–66.7 pmol/L
. Red-top tube.
■ Hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid.
■ Elevated in pernicious anemia, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome,
stomach cancer, peptic ulcer, atrophic gastritis, renal
insufficiency, steroid administration, H2 blockers.
Postprandial: 95–140 pg/mL; SI units: 45.3–66.7 pmol/L
. Red-top tube.
■ Hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid.
■ Elevated in pernicious anemia, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome,
stomach cancer, peptic ulcer, atrophic gastritis, renal
insufficiency, steroid administration, H2 blockers.
Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT, SGGT)
Adult: Male: 9–50 IU/L. Female: 8–40 IU/L
. Red-top tube.
■ Liver enzyme sensitive to biliary and liver disorders,
including alcoholic liver disease.
. Red-top tube.
■ Liver enzyme sensitive to biliary and liver disorders,
including alcoholic liver disease.
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Adult: Males: 5–15 IU/L. Females: follicular or luteal phase: 5–20
IU/L, midcycle: 30–50 IU/L, postmenopause: >50 IU/L.
Prepubertal children: <6 IU/L
. Red-top tube.
■ Pituitary hormone involved in maturation of ovarian follicle
in women and spermatogenesis in men.
IU/L, midcycle: 30–50 IU/L, postmenopause: >50 IU/L.
Prepubertal children: <6 IU/L
. Red-top tube.
■ Pituitary hormone involved in maturation of ovarian follicle
in women and spermatogenesis in men.
Folic Acid (Folate)
>2 ng/mL (radioimmunassay); SI units: >5 mmol/L
. Red-top tube.
■ Normal levels essential for properly functioning red and
white blood cells.
■ Decreased in malabsorption, malnutrition, liver disease,
cancer.
. Red-top tube.
■ Normal levels essential for properly functioning red and
white blood cells.
■ Decreased in malabsorption, malnutrition, liver disease,
cancer.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)